Annotated Bibliography (rough draft) Essay

In the entry â€Å"Shitty First Drafts† by Anne Lamott from Bird by Bird, the writer advances that â€Å"shitty first drafts† are the way to best bits of composing. Lamott shows that most authors have â€Å"shitty first drafts† and that â€Å"all great essayists compose them†(21.) In request to have a decent bit of keeping in touch with one must regurgitation the entirety of their thoughts onto paper. Lamott’s companion considers it the down draft (25.) In this draft you ought to get every one of your musings down, regardless of whether you sound like a youngster (22.) The principal draft isn’t going to bode well however it doesn’t matter in light of the fact that nobody is going to see it(23.) With this â€Å"down draft† you can alter it and arrange your contemplations into the up draft (25.) â€Å"The up draft† is the place you take all the beneficial things from â€Å"the down draft† and compose a sorted out draft that bodes well. â€Å"You attempt to state what you need to state more accurately†(25.) After that comes he dental draft, a draft where you criticize and refine each part of the composition, similar to how a dental specialist would â€Å"check each tooth, to check whether it were free or squeezed or decayed†(25,26.) Hopefully the last item is a â€Å"healthy† bit of composing. Lamott effectively contended that a â€Å"shitty first draft† is the starting to an incredible bit of composing so you only â€Å"need to begin somewhere†(25,26.)

Tea Industry in Bangladesh free essay sample

Despite the fact that our tea industry endured a genuine mishap in 1971 however we could prevail with regards to turning around with the assistance of the administration, remote help and difficult work of our grower. It is wanting to expand our creation to a normal of more than 1500 Kg for each hal in a couple of years time. We have attempted measures to improve our nature of tea by expanding the zone with new assortments of half breed clone, modernizing processing plants and improving foundation. We presently every year produce 60 million Kg of Tea and we would like to expand our creation to 90 million Kg in the following 15 years.This paper endeavors to devise a system to advance powerful social discoursed between the tea manor laborers and their bosses. It additionally endeavors to decide the common sense of giving social insurance to ladies laborers through their own associations and accordingly upgrades their work efficiency. Precise preparing for the individuals from the laborers association has end up being a forward leap regarding expertise improvement, cognizance rising, and blooming of self - certainty. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tea Industry in Bangladesh or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Thus, the chance of giving ability preparing to the laborers, especially ladies laborers through their association, has additionally been investigated in this paper. The craft of tea development in Bangladesh started longer than a century and a half back during the 1840s close to the Chittagong Club. The principal tea nursery to be set up was Malnicherra in Sylhet in 1854. Its business creation started presently in 1857. Today, the primary tea-developing zones lie toward the east of the Ganga-Jumma flood plain in the slope zones circumscribing Indias Cachar tea-developing district.Most of Bangladesh tea develops at just 80-300 ft. above ocean level upper east of Sylhet in the nation. During its underlying stage, estate in Bangladesh confronted intense lack of work. No neighborhood laborers were eager to carry out this responsibility since it is extremely hard and work serious. The provincial British Government sent obligated workers to meet this deficiency. Tea estate laborers in Bangladesh came for the most part from the retrogressive class and ancestral territories of focal India and locales of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.The present work power in the tea ranch area of Bangladesh is the fourth era of those obligated settlers. Contracted migrants were in actuality new types of fortified work. Their fortified nature uncovered in their geological imprisonment inside the limit of the tea domain. For over a century they were restricted to the equivalent land limit; most despite everything are. Tea industry Tea industry is one of the most full grown ventures in Bangladesh and till today it is bearing its heritage.In Bangladesh tea development started in 1857 and Malnicherra is the primary tea garden in Bangladesh. Despite the fact that globalization and monetary advancement contributed enormously to set up new businesses in Bangladesh, a huge segment of our national salary originates from this industry. In our nation tremendous measure of HR are engaged with the Garments business and Tea industry. In Sylhet there is huge number of T. E. that is the reason we select T. E. for our investigation and in this report we will attempt to cover one T. E from Moulavibazer, and two from Sylhet region and one from the sreemangle.In this report we give accentuation on the current acts of HR in the some chosen T. E of more noteworthy Sylhet and through this exploration we will make us familiar with the genuine Human Resource Management activities in the tea nursery of Sylhet, Moulavibazer. A few associations are abusing the human rights. Typically infringement happens at the base level-works don't get adequate wages, pay, preparing office, great working condition, and different offices. Therefore yield or creations are not expanding as indicated by desire and the general advancement is being sluggish.The proprietor, authority, and partner ought to understand that ignoring the HR in the work place a practical improvement is beyond the realm of imagination. Tea Plantation in Bangladesh creates and sends out an enormous amount of top notch tea. A large portion of the tea estates are arranged in the northeastern regions of the nation, around Sylhet and Srimongal. Sylhet is arranged near Bangladesh’s outskirt with the Indian conditions of Meghalaya and Assam. This piece of the nation is secured by hillocks ascending to direct heights.The precipitation is higher than normal, a reality which British tea grower acknowledged in the eighteenth century to the upside of tea development. These conditions have given rich tropical woodlands numerous types of natural life, scented orange forests and pineapple manors. It is additionally the home of Khashia and Monipuri tribals. The cascades of Madhab Kunda are another exceptionally beautiful spot to visit. Jafflong, where the stream runs along the fringe among Bangladesh and India is particularly lovely. In transit there are number of haors or mucky wetlands, which are common, discouraged bogs holding water nearly the entire year round.They are home to many fish and a huge number of neighborhood and transitory flying creatures. Srimongal is around 70 km south of Sylhet. It is ‘the capital of tea. The majority of the tea manors are focused here, which is the primary fascination of the area. There is likewise a Tea Research Institute, which is available to guests. A high level of ancestral individuals add to this zones fascination. The other primary fascination is the †Lawachara† backwoods, just barely any kilometers from Srimongal, where you can see Hornbills, White-Browed Gibbons and numerous different creatures. Tea Gardens in Bangladesh The territory around Sylhet is conventional tea becoming area.The beautiful Surma Valley is secured with porches of tea nurseries and rich green tropical backwoods. Srimangal is known as the tea capital of Bangladesh and for a significant distance around one can see the green floor covering of tea cultivates on the slope slants. The zone has more than 150 tea gardens including three of the biggest tea cultivates on the planet both in territory and creation. About 300,000 laborers are utilized on the tea homes of which over 75% are ladies. Businesses like to draw in ladies for culling tea leaves since they make a superior showing and are paid not exactly the men.A visit to the tea manor in Sylhet is a noteworthy encounter. The nurseries are relics from the times of the British Raj. The estates were begun by the British and the chief despite everything live in white timber homes as they did back then. The cottages remain on immense perfectly kept up yards and the administration and way of life is essentially unaltered. A moderately new zone that has gone under tea development is the sub-Himalayan territory of Panchagarh. The dirt and atmosphere is profoundly great for developing tea here. Truth be told this region is adjacent with Assam nd Bengal in India where tea has been developed for quite a long time. Starting with just 300 sections of land of land in 2000, the money crop is presently being developed on more than 3,500 sections of land in Tentulia, Sadar and Atoari upazilas of Panchagarh. It very well may be extended to eventually cover around 60,000 sections of land. The humus content in the dirt here is more than in the customary tea-developing territories of Sylhet. The tea created in Panchagarh is as far as anyone knows much preferred in quality over that of Sylhet. A few nurseries have been set up in Panchagarh and Thakurgaon to flexibly excellent saplings to the tea gardens.

How to Become a Really Good Listener

How to Become a Really Good Listener Did you know that an average adult spends almost 70% of their time by engaging in any form of communication, out of which more than 45% of their time goes into listening, 30% in speaking, and 16% in reading and only about 9% in writing? For an entrepreneur and business man, becoming a really good listener is critical because it helps one understand the true essence of key messages delivered that may otherwise be misunderstood or not communicated clearly.But that is not all; we often underestimate the power of good listening skills because we are always in a hurry to speak instead of trying to comprehend what is being communicated to us and preparing what we’re going to say next. If you are an antrepreneur or a career oriented individual, developing good listening skills will take you far as long as the career ladder is concerned. © Shutterstock.com | GaudiLabIn this article, we explore 1) an introduction to good listening, 2) different ways for becoming a good listener, 3) how good listening skills help entrepreneurs to achieve their goals, and 4) entrepreneurial quotes to inspire you to become a very good listener.INTRODUCTION TO GOOD LISTENINGIdeally, listening can be classified into three different basic modes, namely attentive, combative and reflective. When you pay attention to what the other person is saying, it called attentive listening. While, on the other hand, combative listening refers to when two individuals speak turn by turn to support their stance. Lastly, the reflective mode comes into play when we take an active part in keeping up with the conversation.While you may not necessarily be a good speaker, you can develop good listening skills by using different techniques. Here are some reasons why good speakers tend to fair well in most aspects of life as compared to good speakers.The main goal of listening to someone attentively is to ‘put yourself in the other person’s shoes’ so that you ‘understand’ their viewpoint better.A good leader is a good listener first, a good speaker later. When a leader listens, he / she begins to comprehend what the problem is before proposing a solution for it. That is why a good leader will always get things done whereas good speaking skills will help him communicate better with his followers.Good listeners tend to do well when it comes to developing key social relationships like meeting new people, attacting partnerships, socializing with colleagues, but also in private life like  marriage, dating, etc.A person with good listening skills is more likely to empathize with their partner and colleagues too, as compared to someone who is a shallow listener.Good listeners make good mentors because they are often perceived as good sounding boards for those who want to unload their experiences, thoughts, and frustrations to someone who is willing to listen.A person with fully developed listening skills is also equipped with good problem-solving skills because they get to the core of the problem before coming up with a solution.Good listening skills and decision-making skills go hand in hand. Being a good listener helps you analyze the situation in the best way possible because you focus properly on what is being said. This helps in developing strategies effectively and making the right decisions and plans accordingly.When you listen to what the other person is saying attentively, it shows that you respect them and their opinion for which they automatically begin to respect you. If you are in a managerial position, listening to the problems of your employees and subordinates with attention will inspire them to work harder for they will feel valued and respected.There are fewer chances of miscommunication when you listen to everything with attention before communicating the message to others.Sometimes listening is n ot taken in the business world. A website may provide you with sound information on various aspects of the organization. When you read everything that is being posted on Google and social media about your company, you are ‘listening in’ which in turn helps you devise the right strategies and make proper plans.DIFFERENT WAYS FOR BECOMING A GOOD LISTENERNot many of us are good listeners because it requires developing good listening skills through dedication and practice. However, developing good listening skills is not exactly rocket science and they are various techniques through which you can become a really good listener.Here are some of the great ways you can improve your listening skills and achieve the goal of becoming a really good listener over time.1. Focus On the Person Who Speaks and Look In the EyesOne of the most important factors that play a major role in becoming a good listener is creating and maintaining eye contact with the person who is speaking. When you look i nto the speaker’s eye from time to time, it shows that you are actually interested in the conversation and actively listening to what is being said.On the other hand, lack of eye contact during a conversation is often translated as carelessness and often considered disrespectful to the person speaking to you. The next time around, try to create eye contact with the speaker when you engage in a conversation, and you will automatically see a difference.The next main thing that you must consider is focusing on what the speaker is trying to communicate instead of letting your mind wander off or preparing what to say next. When you keep on thinking of what you are going to say when your turn comes, you will miss out on the key points referred by the speaker. Thus, your argument will not have an impact or be as effective as it could have been had you listened to the speaker attentively.2. Limit All DistractionsWith so many distractions around us, truly listening to another person is mor e like a challenge. To become a good listener, try getting rid of all distractions that may interrupt the conversation between you and the other person. For instance, do not fidget unnecessarily with your phone, stop browsing social media websites on your laptop, avoid watching the television and do not take any call in the middle of the conversation.Doing so will prevent the other person from going off-track and losing their chain of thought which will help you understand what is being communicated to you fully. Limiting all distraction during a conversation not only shows that you care and value the opinion of the other speaker but also shows that you practice good social skills.3. Be Patient and Let Your Partner SpeakNothing is more annoying than someone speaking out of turn in the middle of a conversation. It distracts the speaker and leads them off-track. Also, you would not want the same to be done to you when it is your time to speak which is why it is important for you to re main calm and be patient enough for the other person to finish speaking before you begin to explain your stance.If your partner or colleague wants to ‘talk’, you must always show that you are willing to listen. When you are in the middle of a conversation with either your loved one or a colleague, never underestimate the importance of showing them that you acknowledge their feelings. By doing this, you will see a vast improvement in the communication especially when you acknowledge the reality of negative feeling someone may have.Always make sure you articulate the other person’s point of view instead of denying feelings like anger, reluctance, fear, or irritation.4. Be Curious and Show Non-verbally That You Are ListeningDo not you just hate it when someone gives you a blank stare while you are trying to set up a conversation with them? They may be listening to you, but you will automatically feel de-motivated to talk because suddenly you will begin to feel as if no one cares about what you have to say.The best thing to do to show that you are engaged in the conversation is to give some non-verbal cues. For instance, just nodding your head in agreement or disagreement will signal that you are hearing what is being said. Creating and maintaining eye contact as discussed above will also show you are reasonably interested in listening to what is being said.5. Never Assume AnythingYou must never assume things on your own when the other person is speaking. Keep any personal prejudice you may have towards them at bay and do not let it interfere your thoughts when listening to the other person. If you have any questions that you may want the speaker to address, always ask them politely.Not only will this give you a clear-cut picture of the situation but it will also erase any negative thoughts that you may have had before if you would have made some assumptions on your own.6. Look At the SubtextNow, you may wonder how you can show the other person that they hav e your attention. All you have to do is to say words like ‘I understand’, ‘I agree’ or simply ‘Yes’. This will keep the conversation going on without the other person fearing that you are getting bored by them and their opinion.Another great way to show someone that you have fully understood what has been said is to paraphrase what they said. This will reassure them that what they have said has made an impact on you and that you understand what they want to communicate. During the conversation, you can encourage the speaker simply by making ‘listening sounds’ as a cue to elaborate on what they are trying to say.7. Ask Questions and Provide FeedbackTo make sure that your understanding of the matter is crystal clear, provide feedback to the other person by telling them exactly how you feel about their viewpoint. This seems difficult because putting feelings into words is not always easy. But once you master the art of emotional labeling, you will see how it makes a maj or difference in the quality of the conversations with your colleagues, loved ones or bosses. You must always remember to frame your negative viewpoint in a way that it does not hurt the feelings of the other person, offend them, or make them feel disrespected. Play it cool, always!Asking questions is another way to understand fully what you just heard. Now there are four different types of questions that you can ask to keep the conversation flowing and to understand things better.You can ask leading questions that will give you a more detailed insight on the speaker’s stance like ‘Would you like to talk in detail about this?’Open-ended questions focusing on who, what, how, when and where.You can prompt specific information from the reader by asking close-ended questions leading with ‘Is’, ‘Are’, ‘Do’, ‘Would’ , ‘Could’, ’Can’, etc.Reflective questions, on the other hand, help you understand more about what was said by the speaker.HOW GOOD LISTENING SKI LLS HELP ENTREPRENEURS ACHIEVE THEIR GOALSFor entrepreneurs, if listening is not really a competitive advantage, it is definitely a desirable strength that may help your organization reach greater heights. Now you may be wondering what it takes to be a good listener in the corporate world. Here are some ways good listening skills actually help entrepreneurs achieve their goals.Entrepreneurs with good listening skills are always at an advantage because they listen attentively to customers’ feedback. Listening to what the customers say â€" both negative and positive comments help entrepreneurs to satisfy the customers, which is important for any business. Knowing what your customer needs and wants will help you in developing a better product or an improved service.Good listeners are more likely to build good rapport with their suppliers, buyers and employees because they always try to understand the other person’s point-of-view before coming up with effective strategies to counter the problem at hand.Entrepreneurs understand how important teamwork is when it comes to achieving goals whether it is at a departmental or a managerial level. Listening to the concerns of others ensures understanding, improves problem-solving, and reinforces work relationships.ENTREPRENEURIAL QUOTES TO INSPIRE YOU TO BECOME A VERY GOOD LISTENERGood listening skills will help you in every sphere of life, always. Here are some quotes by some of the biggest personalities in history that will reinforce the importance of developing good listening skills for achieving success in everything you do.If you want to stand out as a leader, a good place to begin is by listening, Richard Branson said. The best teams and bosses pay attention and value the others perspective. Great listeners are often terrific at uncovering and putting in place strategies and plans that have a big impact, Branson continued. Being able to provide encouragement to aspiring business leaders has been invaluable becaus e those conversations spark his ideas, too, he said.The most important thing in communication is hearing what isnt said Peter DruckerWhen people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen. Ernest HemingwayWisdom is the reward you get for a lifetime of listening when youd have preferred to talk. Doug LarsonListening is a magnetic and strange thing, a creative force. The friends who listen to us are the ones we move toward. When we are listened to, it creates us, makes us unfold and expand. Karl A. MenningerNow that you know how becoming a good listener helps you in every walk of life, it is important for you to develop good listening skills that will take you far in the corporate world as well as in your personal life.

The Internet and How Society Consumes Media - 1493 Words

Currently our society is in the midst of a media shift. Although there is still a need for traditional media, online media is finding its place in consumers needs. It’s important for professionals in the journalism industry to take note and understand the direction this change is taking. Gaskins and Jerit (2012) contributed their research on this topic and introduce it by sharing, â€Å"these findings have important implications for researchers and industry executives who seek to understand the changing nature of the media environment and its effects on the mass public† (p. 191). The purpose of this paper is to be a starting point to the understanding of this changing nature. By answering the following questions, we are able to see the†¦show more content†¦233). In order to keep credibility with sites consumers, the journalists must place a high importance on their work and the accuracy of their stories. There was a study conducted with journalism graduate students that were studying in the Netherlands. The study covered ethical dilemmas with Internet media. One finding derived from the study was, â€Å"the online journalists are confronted with dilemmas that force them to choose between giving up their traditional norms and values and keeping them in a new environment, opting for (gradual) adoption instead of (radical) change† (Deuze Yeshua, 2001, p. 289). Some of the dilemmas the online journalist ran into during this study was, the challenge to create accurate material, verifying hyperlinks were correct and solidifying sources in their stories. Most of the issues mentioned could have been resolved if journalist took their time, checked their material and practiced more of their traditional media ethic habits. How will media outlets distinguish the difference between what the public â€Å"needs† to know and what it â€Å"wants† the to know? In traditional media, there are gatekeepers who manage what will be produced. In regards to journalistic norms, researcher Enli says, â€Å"News production involves â€Å"framing†; stories are framed to match the journalists’ perception of newsworthiness, and how news should be presented†(2007, p. 49). With Internet media, it’s just as important to shape stories in a manner that deliverShow MoreRelatedThe Internet : Political Socialization And The Internet906 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical socialization, which is the process of how the next generation acquires their political orientation and how this process sways society left or right on the political bell curve. Even though families, schools, and peers do sculpt a person political belief, a more recent but astronomically powerful force to shape an individual political opinion would be the internet. 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Each and every day people interact with media of many forms. Media is generally defined as being a channel of communication. We as a society absorb media from a wide variety of forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards and the internet. These are referred to as ‘mass’ media, because theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Electronic Devices On Children And Adolescents Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagestime to stop using an electronic device. Children and adolescents today spend â€Å"1 to 3 hours per day during the week and between 1 to 4 hours per day on the weekends† (Kappos, A.D. pg. 556) on computer games, viewing videos, watching television and internet surfing to name a few. The use of electronic devices has changed the life of children/adolescent and have exposed them to a volatile and irreparable outcome, in their social interaction with peers and family, self-perception, behavior and sleepRead MoreThe Effects Of Electronic Devices On Children And Adolescents Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagestime to stop using an electronic device. Children and adolescents today spend â€Å"1 to 3 hours per day during the week and between 1 to 4 hours per day on the weekends† (Kappos, A.D. pg. 556) on computer games, viewing videos, watching television and internet surfing to name a few. The use of electronic devices has changed the life of children/adolescent and have expo sed them to a volatile and irreparable outcome, in their social interaction with peers and family, self-perception, behavior and sleepRead MoreBrainwashed By Advertising : A Cultural Force, Social Values And The Quality Of Life1410 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost anywhere from small town flyers to multi-million dollar Super Bowl TV spots. Advertising affects almost all facets of society, and although initially imagined as an economic tool, advertising is now, â€Å"a socio-cultural force, influencing social values and the quality of life,† (Bondrea and Stefanescu-Mihailia 341). Advertising has both positive and negative influences on society, and depending on opinion, these influences can outweigh each other. While advertising can be used positively, today advertisersRead MoreDiscuss the Role of the Concepts of the Seduced and the Repressed for Understanding the Place of Consumption in Contemporary Consumer Society1659 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumption in contemporary consumer s ociety. This essay will give two sides to Bauman’s concepts and address the implications in order to ascertain whether or not the roles of these concepts do help us to understand the place of consumption, in what is increasingly being referred to by many social scientists as a consumer society. Consumer society is a term used by many social scientists, including Zygmunt Bauman, when referring to contemporary Western society. Hetherington argues that the conceptual

Comedy of Errors, Adrianna/ marriage Essay - 803 Words

Marriage: What Can you Posses? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Within the very beginning of the story we see that the characters are placed into a society of which there is seemingly very little value in a persons humanity and kindness, but rather the society into which we first enter is seen as almost materialistic, and even though Egeon, has lost a wife and son, the Duke of Ephesus is only concerned with the money from which he can extract from Egeon. We see here that in order for Egeon to keep his marriage alive he has to pay for his life and so we begin to see the trend of what one can posses in a marriage, instead of love and respect. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;We see this act of possessions come through most clearly in the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another incident that is relevant to the city of Ephesus, but more to the point, the sets of twins, and their belief that wealth will bring them everything and fix all their problems, is when we see the slaves and their masters with the exchange of the coins and the way in which they beat their slaves because they do not have the money that was expected, because it is the wrong twin talking to the other master with the money. Unfortunately neither person realizes this and Dromio gets beaten by his master unnecessarily. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Later on the wrong brother is upstairs eating dinner, with Adriana, who is not his wife and Antipholus of Ephesus returns from the marketplace, accompanied by Dromio of Ephesus, Angelo, the goldsmith, and Balthasar, the merchant. When Antipholus of Ephesus knocks at the gate, however, Dromio of Syracuse refuses to let him in. Antipholus pounds and shouts furiously, bringing Luce, his maid to the door, and then Adriana. However, both Adriana and Luce believe that Antipholus is already inside, and they refuse to admit the madman they believe to be knocking on the door. In a rage, Antipholus is about to break down the door when Balthasar

Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism Free Essays

Ancient polytheistic religion compared to Judaism Ancient polytheistic and Judaism are two of the most opposite beliefs possible. Polytheistic belief is the belief in more than just one god. Polytheism was brought to this world by the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Greek gods often took on the form of being humans while the Egyptian gods were the main cornerstone to their beliefs and religion. Judaism or the belief of Monotheism is the belief in one main god. Monotheism we brought to the world by the Jewish culture. It was originated from the Hebrew bible and is one of the oldest religions still living today.Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are part of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The first civilization appeared to have arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of people called the Sumerians during the fourth millennium B. C. E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which means they worshiped many gods and goddesses. Their Gods and Goddesses were visualized in human form, with human needs and weaknesses. The Mesopotamians believed that the human race was created to serve the gods. The Mesopotamian temples were run like great households where the gods were fed fantastic meals, entertained with music, and honored with ritual. The Mesopotamians had a very gloomy picture of the afterworld. They were confined to a dusty dark netherworld, doomed with hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food or drink. There was no reward in being religious because everyone was in equal misery. Religion played a huge part in the literature and art of Mesopotamia.Poems were told of the deeds of the gods, like how the world was created. Also poems were told of the great hero king Gilgamesh, who tried to escape death by going on a journey to find the sole survivor of the great flood. The religious architecture was in the form of temples in the cities. As the Mesopotamian civilization rose up in the valley of Tigris and Euphrates, the Egyptian civilization was centered on the Nile River. The Egyptians were also a polytheistic religion, in that they believed in many gods. Egyptian Gods have human bodies, with human or animal heads, and wear crowns or thorns.Egyptian Gods were gods of different things such as the sky, sun, earth, and music. The Egyptians worship took place at small shrines; they left offerings to the chosen gods as well as simple prayers. The Egyptians believed that there afterlife was full of dangers, but those dangers could be overcame by magical spells in the Book of the Dead. Also the Egyptians believed in the preservation of the body and that it was essential for the afterlife. The Hittites were an Indo-European, speaking a language that was related to the Greek and Sanskrit.The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writing along with many other aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat before the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than copper ones. The Discovery of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians. The Israelites possessed little worldly power or wealth, but they created a powerful religion, known as Judaism which is a form of monotheism.Judaism was the first and the longest lasting form of monotheism in a world of polytheism. Judaism is a part of two other religions that have played a big role in the history of the world, Christianity and Islam. Monotheism is the belief in one universal god, who was the creator and ruler of the universe. The Jewish God is neither a natural force nor like human beings, or any other kind of creature; he is so elevated that those who believe in him may not picture him in any form. I personally best relate to Judaism and believing in one single god because I practice the religion of Christianity. I believe the words of the bible and how God is said to have created all forms of life and all things. I grew up in a religious family where we attended masses weekly on Sunday mornings and prayed before and after our meals. I believe that the religion you have been raised up into plays a huge role on your worldview that you best identify with. Along with your family I also believe it’s your own personal ethics that play a role in your worldview of religion. Your ethics are based on what you believe is right or wrong.In my religion of being a Catholic, I believe that God created all things and sent Adam and Eve to represent him in man form. I also believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross, rose to heaven and then came back to earth for human salvation and to save us from sin. The reason I don’t believe in Polytheism is because I find it hard to believe that there would be gods for many different parts of our world. I also think that if a God is suppose to be worshipped and treated like an all-mighty that there should only be one person or God treated with the most significant amount of respect. How to cite Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism, Papers

Investigatory Project Homemade Bouncy Polymer Essay Example

Investigatory Project Homemade Bouncy Polymer Paper One might think that chemists are a bunch of boring scientists who wear lab coats and look at beakers all day, but did you know that many toys you play with are made using chemistry?Some of your favorite toys like Gak, Slime and Silly Putty started out as chemistry experiments. In fact, some of your favorite toys may have been invented by chemists who work for toy companies like: Crayola, Play-Doh or Mattell. Chemistry is the study of matter, and how different elements of matter interact. There are many different kids of matter, which need to be described using the concept of properties. Toys like silly putty are unique because of they have distinct properties that are different from the properties of other types of matter.There are two different kinds of properties, chemical properties and physical properties. Chemical properties are qualities that can be observed during a chemical reaction, like when vinegar reacts with baking soda. Physical properties are qualities that can be obs erved during physical change in the absence of a chemical reaction, like the melting of an ice cube. Physical properties can be used to describe the state of a chemical, which can be a solid, liquid or a gas. The physical and chemical properties of Silly Putty are what make it so much fun because it is a polymer that is stretchy and bouncy!Scientists use properties to describe all of the unique qualities of a chemical or a mixture of chemicals. To do this they use descriptive language, or words that are used to describe objects. Some descriptive words used to describe a chemical might be: hot, cold, squishy, hard, soft, crystalline, granular, smooth, liquid, clear, 2 opaque, and runny. There are many different qualities to be described. You just need to find the right words to use. The unique physical and chemical properties of a polymer or mixture can be changed by the amount of each different ingredient used to make them.Sometimes the amount of one ingredient compared to the amoun t of another ingredient can make a big difference. This is called a ratio, and a ratio can be useful to know how much of each ingredient to add to your mixture so you will end up with a mixture that has desirable properties. RATIONALE Balls have been toys practically forever, but the bouncing ball is a more recent innovation. Bouncing balls were originally made from natural rubber, though now bouncing balls can be made of plastics and other polymers. In this researcher, the bouncing ball is made from a polymer.Polymers are molecules made up of repeating chemical units. The researchers will change the ratio of two basic ingredients in homemade Silly Putty. They will describe the physical properties of each different mixture using a data table. Then they will choose the ratio of ingredients to create the best putty product. The use of bouncing polymer in science education provides number of advantages. One can use it to describe the chemical and physical properties of the mixtures. It can also be used to describe potential and kinetic energy.It can also demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Energy and Newton’s Third Law of Motion – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The researcher would like to find out which is the best ratio of the two basic ingredients in homemade Silly Putty that would produce better and higher bounce. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this research project is to come up with the best silly putty product. Specifically, it attempts to answer the following objectives: 1. To evaluate the physical properties of the polymer balls; 2.To describe the product of the different ratio of ingredients; and 3. To determine the height of the bounce of the polymer balls. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main problem of the study is coming up with the best silly putty product based on various ratios of ingredients. Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following questions: 1. Would it be possible to mak e a homemade bouncy polymer from a simple polymer found in white PVA glue and corn starch? 2. Which of the following ratio will produce the best homemade bouncy polymer? 3.What would be the effect of the varying ratio of the ingredients on the physical characteristics of the homemade bouncy polymer? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Science is fun. It cannot only be learned in the four corners of the classroom but rather it can also be learned at home. Chemistry can be a very intimidating subject that is hard for some students to understand. This project study would like to help demonstrate some basic principles of chemistry. Specifically, this project study will help students understand that there is a difference between a physical change and a chemical change.Silly putty, as well as bouncing polymer is fascinating and educational. It can teach everyone about Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. 4 Results of the study would provide the pupils an opportunity to learn while having fun. Likewi se, this study will provide opportunity to parents to have some quality time with their children. The result and findings of this study would give educators an alternative way of learning outside the classrooms. It would also encourage them to use other sources which are readily around them in teaching Science.SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The project study initiated after the researcher became interested and amazed about silly putty. The researcher made some readings and found that there silly putty can be possible made using readily available materials at home. There were also some studies and experiments where polymers are used as subject matter. With the help and guidance of the science teachers, the researcher came up with this project study. The researcher will try out various ratios using Elmer’s white glue, Borax, water, corn starch. They also used Zip-lock baggie, some bottles, weighing scale and graduated cylinder.The homemade bouncy polymers were evaluated in two ways: qu antitatively, through the mass, volume, density, height of bounce/return, length of stretch and distance of roll, and qualitatively through the descriptive analysis of some observable characteristics of the homemade bouncy polymers. Findings of this study will be applicable only to the ratios of the materials used and the field of study that will be tested and may not be generalized with others. 5 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter reviews literature and studies related to the present project study.It presents literature on chemical properties, physical properties, polymers, and silly putty. RELATED LITERATURE Silly Putty, one of the most popular toys of the 20th century, was invented accidentally. Find out what a war, an indebted advertising consultant, and a ball of goo have in common. One of the most important resources needed for World War II war production was rubber. It was essential for tires (which kept the trucks moving) and boots (which kept the soldiers m oving). It was also important for gas masks, life rafts, and even bombers.Beginning early in the war, the Japanese attacked many of the rubberproducing countries in Asia, drastically affecting the supply route. To conserve rubber, civilians in the United States were asked to donate old rubber tires, rubber raincoats, rubber boots, and anything else that consisted at least in part of rubber. Rations were placed even on gasoline to hinder people from driving their cars. Propaganda posters instructed people in the importance of carpooling and showed them how to care for their household rubber products so they would last the duration of the war.Even with this home front effort, the rubber shortage threatened war production. The government decided to ask U. S. companies to invent a synthetic rubber that had similar properties but that could be made with non-restricted ingredients. In 1943, engineer James Wright was attempting to discover a synthetic 6 rubber while working in General Elec trics laboratory in New Haven, Conn. when he discovered something unusual. In a test tube, Wright had combined boric acid and silicone oil, producing an interesting gob of goo.Wright conducted a multitude of tests on the substance and discovered it could bounce when dropped, stretch farther than regular rubber, didnt collect mold, and had a very high melting temperature. Unfortunately, though it was a fascinating substance, it didnt contain the properties needed to replace rubber. Still, Wright assumed there had to be some practical use for the interesting putty. Unable to come up with an idea himself, Wright sent samples of the putty to scientists around the world. However, none of them found a use for the substance either. Rosenberg, 2009) The term polymer comes from the Greek word â€Å"poly†, meaning â€Å"many†, and â€Å"meros† meaning â€Å"parts†. The word â€Å"parts† refers to a grouping of atoms called molecular units, known as a monomer . POLYMERS Polymers are special organic molecules that form very long chains. Usually polymers make compounds that are stronger and more flexible than other compounds. Examples of polymers are: rubber, latex, and nylon (sciencelab, 2009). Polymer backbones are held together by covalent bonds by atoms sharing electrons. Other atoms, or even groups of atoms, hook onto the backbone by covalent bonds too.Some polymers that are called ionic polymers have ionic pendant groups. Their backbones are still held together by covalent bonds. When it comes to polymers, all of their backbones are held together by covalent bonds (that is, by sharing electrons) (pslc, 2009). 7 Also, by choosing the right kind of polymer, our product can be soft or hard, flexible or stiff, or most anything we want. Most polymers will last a long, long, long, long time. Thats good especially if you use them to make clothes, jars, even chairs. But its bad when polymers get thrown away.Some polymers are easier to recy cle than others. Its important to recycle the polymers that we can, like drink bottles, so that our landfills dont get filled up so fast. Most polymers are safe and non-toxic. Thats good. The monomers that are used to make polymers, though, are often toxic or stinky. That means that the companies that make polymers need to be very careful not to let the monomers get out before theyre made into polymers (pslc, 2009). Remember that polymers are very very long chains. These long chains: ? can bend and twist and get all tangled up ? can stick to each other ? ove much slower because theyre so big The longer a polymer chain is, the more tangled up it can get. Since the chains are harder to pull out or separate, that can make things made out of polymers stronger. Some polymers are more straight and stiff than others. These wont tangle up as much, but theyre strong for a different reason stiff chains can pack together and stick to each other. Think of molecules as being like magnets. Some are like very weak magnets, and some are like strong magnets. So, some can be pulled apart easily, but others take a lot more energy to pull them apart (pslc, 2009). 8Polymers are large molecules formed by the repetitive bonding of small molecules called monomers. The bondings of these low molecular weight monomers produce high molecular weight polymeric substances which have mechanical and chemical properties suitable in the manufactures of fibers, films, protective coating, insulating materials and more. Polymers accommodate to meet the needs of a wide variety of uses in the world; therefore, they play an important role in the chemical industries. Aside from synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene, there are biological/natural polymers as well that can be found in nature.Cellulose and starch are examples of biopolymers that are built from small sugar; while proteins are polymers built from amino acids. The basic idea of polymer remains the same between synthetic an d biological polymers; however, synthetic polymers are much simpler than biopolymers due to the smaller size and simpler structure of the starting monomer. Polymer molecules may have anywhere from hundreds to thousands monomer units incorporated into a long chain, which depends on the properties of the polymer desired to achieve. Many simple alkenes, called vinyl monomers, ndergo polymerization (polymer-forming reactions) that made commercially important polymers. Polymerization involves the chemical combination of a number of identical or similar molecules, monomers, to form a complex molecule, polymer, of high molecular weight. There are a whole bunch of different ways that we can describe polymers what they look like, how they feel, how they smell, how they act, what they sound like when you drop them on the floor (ping! or splat! ) They can be hard or soft, stiff or bendy, strong or weak, smooth or rough, shiny or dull and lots more! Scientists have come up with all kinds of wa ys to test polymers to answer questions like: ? How easy is it to scratch? ? How much weight can a thread (or fiber, or rope) hold? ? How long will it last if its left out in the sun? ? How will it act if it gets hot? Will it melt if I leave it in the car in the middle of summer? ? How much heat does it take to make it all goopy? ? How fast will it dissolve in your tummy? (That one is important for pill coatings. ) ? How well can I see through it? ? What happens if I hit it with a hammer? This one might sound funny, but polymers that can take a hit with a hammer might just be good for something like a skateboarding helmet or hockey shin pads for goalies. ) There are all kinds of instruments that scientists use to test different polymer properties. The goal is to get numbers (data) so that one polymer can be compared to another. Flexible plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene are different from rigid plastics in that theyre easier to stretch (so their tensile strength is lower) , but they tend not to break. Interestingly, the ability to stretch is what keeps them from breaking.Theyll resist being stretched for a while, but if enough stress is put on a flexible plastic, it will eventually deform. You can try this at home with a piece of a plastic bag. If you try to stretch it, it will be very hard at first, but once youve stretched it far enough it will give way and stretch easily. The bottom line is that 10 flexible plastics may not be as strong as rigid ones, but they are a lot tougher (pslc, 2009). Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). Figure 2. This is a polymer. Its a very large molecule. Most of the polymers well talk about here are linear polymers. A linear polymer is made up of one molecule after another, hooked together in a long chain. This chain is called the backbone. Now, linear polymers dont have to be in a straight, rigid line. Those single bonds between atoms in the backbone can swivel around a bit, kinda like paper clips hooked together end-to-end. A LINEAR polymer chain starts at the beginning and goes straight to the end. You can take your finger and trace the curvy path from one end to the other.To the rest of the world, linear means straight and not curved but for polymers, linear means straight and not branched. A BRANCHED polymer chain has extra beginnings (branches! ) along the chain and so it has lots of ends. No matter where you start, you cant trace the entire polymer without backtracking. 11 Different kinds of polymers: stretchy like a rubber band, tough like a football, soft like a sweater, silky and strong like a parachute, and even polymers that are bulletproof!! (pslc, 2009). Kinds of Polymer 1. Natural Polymer.Plants are made of a polymer called cellulose. This is the tough stuff that wood and stems and Pauls tree house! are made from. Cellulose is also what makes fibers like cotton and hemp that we can twist into threads and weave into clothing. And many plants also make starch. Potatoes, corn, rice, and grains all have a lot of starch. Starch is also a polymer. Even though starch and cellulose are both made from the same sugar (glucose), they act very differently (because the glucose molecules are joined together differently).Starch will dissolve in water, but cellulose wont. So we make food from starches and we build things and make clothing out of cellulose. 2. Plastics Im just guessing that everyone out there knows what plastic is. The word plastic means pliable. Plastics are materials that can be shaped and molded easily. Plastics become easier to mold and shape when theyre hot, and they melt when they get hot enough, so we call them thermoplastics. This name can help you tell them apart from cross linked materials that dont melt.These materials can seem a lot like plastics, but theyre really thermosets. So we make things out of plastic by getting it really hot until it melts and then pouring it, stretching it, injecting it or blowing it into molded shapes, like drinking glasses and toys. It takes a lot of energy to deform plastics into shapes, but they stay the same shape. Until it gets hot enough, plastic cannot easily be deformed. 12 Sometimes additives are added to a plastic to make it softer and more pliable. These additives are called plasticizers. 3.Elastomer Elastomer is a big fancy word, and all it means is rubber. Some polymers which are elastomers include polyisoprene or natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and polyurethanes. What makes elastomers special is the fact that they bounce, which is to say that they can be stretched to many times their original length, and can bounce back into their original shape without permanent deformation (pslc, 2009). Polymers are used to make numerous things, including clothing, plastic containers, nonstick cookware, and bulletproof vests.Try this experiment to see how polymers can make a toy . If you use the scientific method, you make observations before experimenting and forming or testing a hypothesis. Youve followed a procedure to make a bouncing ball. Now you can vary the procedure and use your observations to make predictions about the effects of the changes. Observations you can make and then compare as you change the composition of the ball include the diameter of the finished ball, how sticky it is, how long it takes to solidify into a ball, and how high it bounces. (Helmenstine, 2009).What makes polymers so fun is that how they act depends on what kinds of molecules theyre made up of and how theyre put together? The properties of anything made out of polymers really reflect whats going on at the ultra-tiny (molecular) level. So, things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act depending on how their atoms and molecules are connected, as well as which ones we use to 13 begin with! Some are rubbery, like a bouncy ball, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard and tough, like a skateboard (pslc, 2009). Use simple chemistry to make a polymer bouncy ball with household ingredients.The ingredients used to make this ball form a type of elastic polymer that bounces like a store-bought super ball (ehow, 2009). Making polymer bouncy balls is a great project for anyone with an interest in chemistry, though kids probably get more out of the finished product than adults. Or maybe not they are pretty fun. You can make polymer balls yourself using common household ingredients. You can also purchase kits that allow you to make balls in neon and glowing colors. The molds that come with the kits can be re-used to shape balls you make using your own ingredients (Helmenstine, 2009).Plastics and rubbers are made from polymers- long chains of molecules that can be ‘zipped’ together. The long tangled up polymer chains can be stretched out or squashed up. This makes the material elastic, which is an excellent property for a bouncy ball. We can make a bouncy ball from a simple polymer found in white PVA glue. Polymers are made by combining many individual units called monomers into a single larger unit. You will be making a bouncing ball polymer in this experiment by combining Elmers white glue and 20 Mule Team borax.The monomer unit in the bouncing ball polymer is polyvinyl acetate (from Elmers glue). When borax is dissolved in water, some borate ions form: Na2B4O7 + 9H2O -gt; 2 Na+ + 2H+ + 4B(OH)4The borate ions form bridges connecting the polyvinyl acetate chains in the glue to one another. This is called a cross linking polymer. 14 This polymer also displays hydrogen bonding. The cross linking and hydrogen bonding produce a three-dimensional polymer with many open spaces for water to occupy (www. files. chem. vt. edu, 2009) Polymers are molecules made up of repeating chemical units.Glue contains the polymer polyvinyl acetate (PVA), which cross-links to itself when reacted with borax (Helmenstine, 2009) PVA (polyvin yl acetate) is a polymer or ‘long chained molecule’ so too is starch (present in the custard powder). The borax causes cross-links to develop between the two polymers and the mixture becomes stiff. It is important to get the correct amount of borax, too much i. e. too many cross-links, and the mixture is brittle; too little and the mixture flows; just right and the mixture can be rolled into a ball and bounced! Polymers (like PVA and starch) are a very important part of our world.The ingredients combine to make a fairly solid mixture which when rolled into a ball, you should be able to throw and bounce! (yummyscience, 2009) The glue is a polymer (long chain molecule) called polyvinyl acetate (PVA), and the custard powder contains corn flour which is a starch. Starch is also a polymer, this time made up from smaller glucose molecules. The borax acts as a cross linking agent and binds the two polymer chains together. Too much borax gives too many cross-links and hence a brittle substance. Too little borax means not enough cross-links giving a weak substance thats easily pulled apart.The ball is made of an elastic material. When it bounces the ball gets squashed and the kinetic energy gets converted to elastic potential energy, and some heat, plus a little sound. The ball then unsquashes and bounces back up. So as the ball bounces there are number of energy transfers: Gravitational energy is 15 transferred to kinetic as it falls. When it hits the ground the ball squashes. The kinetic energy is transferred to elastic strain energy in the ball. As the ball unsquashes the strain energy is converted back to kinetic energy.Some of the energy is lost as heat, sound, etc, which is why the ball doesnt bounce up to the same height it was dropped from (planetscience, 2009). Whats Happening? The white glue contains polyvinyl acetate, a strong and flexible polymer that gives the ball strength. Cornstarch contains amylopectin, a polymer whose shape is best descr ibed as branched it sticks out like the branches of a tree and gives the ball the property of elasticity. Elasticity allows the ball to return to its original shape after being compressed or stretched, such as hitting the floor.So instead of splattering everywhere, the ball bounces back up. The borax is needed to help the glue and the starch stick together. This connects the two polymers into a netlike formation, keeping the ball from crumbling or becoming slime when it is bounced. SUMMARY Polymers are long-chained molecules formed by repetitive molecules called monomers. Polymers exist from natural to synthetic forms. various ways from plastics to rubbers. Bouncy balls can be made out of glue, corn starch and borax due to its composition, polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Polymerization causes this reaction to occur.They have been used in 16 DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined according to how they will be used in the study. Bounce – is the height of the homemade po lymer reached after releasing at a certain starting point. Glue – a sticky white substance whose property is made up of polyvinyl acetate. Elastomer – is a polymer with rubbery characteristics. Polymer – is a large molecule formed by the repetitive bonding of small molecules called monomers. Roll – is the distance traveled by the homemade bouncy polymer over a 45 ° angle of inclined plane.Silly putty – is a toy that is a ball of soft, moldable, rubber-like material. Stretch – is the length of the homemade polymer to stay together before it is torn apart. 17 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter discussed the materials used, the formulas to be tested, instrument to be used, data collection and data analysis. RESEARCH METHOD The project study aimed to evaluate which ratio would produce the best homemade bouncy polymer. This study will further examine the characteristics of polymers produced from different ratio of solutions. MATERIALS The resea rcher will use some household materials readily available at home.Warm water, Elmer’s white glue, corn starch, borax, Zip-lock baggie, some bottles, weighing scale, beaker and graduated cylinder. PROCEDURE After gathering the necessary materials, the researcher prepared the following solutions They will prepare the Glue solution, which made up 30 ml of Elmer’s white glue and 30 ml of water. Stir well until the glue is fully diluted and no gooey clumps remain. They will also prepare the Borax solution, which is up of 360 ml of warm water and 10 ml of Borax. Stir well until no particles of Borax remain and the solution is clear. 18Label 5 Zip-lock baggies: Polymer #1, Polymer #2, Polymer #3, Polymer #4 Polymer #5. Combined the solutions in the Zip-lock baggies using the following ratios: Zip-lock Baggie Polymer # 1 Polymer # 2 Polymer # 3 Polymer # 4 Polymer # 5 Borax Solution 1 Tbsp 2 Tbsp 3 Tbsp 4 Tbsp 5 Tbsp Glue Solution 5 Tbsp 4 Tbsp 3 Tbsp 2 Tbsp 1 Tbsp Corn starch 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp 1 Tbsp Seal the baggie, and using your fingers squish the mixture around to mix together the ingredients. When the mixture begins to form a sticky glob, take it out of the baggie. Start molding the ball with your hands.DATA GATHERING The data gathered was based from the objectives of the project study. Since the study wanted to assess the describable characteristics of each ratio and compare it, it dealt on some numerical data based on the mass, volume, density, height of bounce/return, length of stretch and distance of roll. 5 trials were done for the height of bounce/return, length of stretch and distance of roll of each homemade bouncy polymer. The researchers will also describe the observable physical characteristics of the products from the 5 ratios of the polymers. 19 The problems encountered in the project study were noted.DATA ANALYSIS The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The researcher would get the average of the height of bounce/return, length of stretch and distance of roll, in centimeters. Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Average Height of Bounce/Return Polymer Polymer Polymer 1 2 3 Polymer 4 Polymer 5 Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Average Length of Stretch Polymer Polymer Polymer 1 2 3 Polymer 4 Polymer 5 Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Average Distance of Roll Polymer Polymer Polymer 1 2 3 Polymer 4 Polymer 5 20 Below is an illustration how the researcher underwent the process of the project study.Planning the procedure and materials needed Gathering of materials needed Preparing the borax solutions Preparing the glue solution Mixing the two solutions in a zip-lock baggie Adding the corn starch Squishing the solution inside the baggie Rolling the polymer in the palm Evaluating and assessing the product Figure 3. 1. Flowchart of the procedure 21 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Homemade bouncy polymer can be made using materials readily available at home. It was able to produce bouncing polymer which has rubbery char acteristics.The results of this project study were shown in the preceding tables and figures. MASS Based on the observation, when the result from each ratio have the following measurement: Polymer Mass 1 40 2 40 3 40 4 40 5 40 Table 4. 1 Comparison of Mass of the Polymers 40 35 Mass (in grams) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 1 Comparison of Mass of the Polymers After mixing the Borax solution and the glue solution, together with the corn starch, the five (5) polymer products were weighed and it was found out the mass was the same at 40 grams. 22VOLUME Based on the observations, the following volumes were gathered: Polymer Volume 1 90 2 85 3 80 4 78 5 75 Table 4. 2 Comparison of Volume of the Polymers 90 85 80 75 70 65 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 2 Comparison of Volume of the Five Polymers Polymer 1 has a volume of 90 ml followed by Polymer 2 with 85 ml, then Polymer 3 with 80 ml, Polymer 4 with 78 ml and Polymer 5 with 75 ml. DENSITY After getting the Mass and Volume of the 5 Polymers, the following Densities were met: Result Density 1 0. 44 2 0. 47 3 0. 50 4 0. 51 5 0. 53 Table 4. 3 Comparison of Density of the Polymers 23 Volume (in mL) . 60 Density (in g/mL) 0. 50 0. 40 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 00 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 3 Comparison of Density of the Five Polymers Polymer 1 has a density of 0. 44 g/ml. Polymer 2 has 0. 47 g/ml. Polymer 3 has 0. 50 g/ml. Polymer 4 has 0. 51 g/ml and Polymer 5 has 0. 53 g/ml. HEIGHT OF BOUNCE/RETURN Based on the observations, after the 5 Polymers were dropped, the following data were noted: Trials Polymer 1 6 6 7 8 5 6. 4 Polymer 2 5 5 6 5 4 5 Polymer 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Average Standard 1. 02 0. 63 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 Deviation Table 4. Comparison of Height of Bounce/Return of the Polymers 24 7 Height of Bounce (in cm. ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 4 Comparison of Height of Bounce/Return of the Five Polymers Polymer 1 has an average bounce/return height of 6. 4 while Polymer 2 has an average bounce/return height of 5. 0 cm. , after being release at a starting position of 77 cm. Polymer 3, 4 and 5 did not bounce at all. LENGTH OF STRETCH The 5 Polymers were pulled to test its ability to be stretched. The following figures were recorded: Trials Polymer 1 30 54 59 35 40 43. 6 Polymer 2 46 36 34 29 29 34. Polymer 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Average Standard 11. 11 6. 24 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 Deviation Table 4. 5 Comparison of the Length of Stretch of the Polymers 25 45 40 Distance (in cm. ) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 5 Comparison of the Length of Stretch of the Polymers Polymer 1 has an average stretch distance of 43. 6 cm before it breaks. Polymer 2 broke at an average stretch distance of 34. 8 cm. Polymer 3, 4 and 5 was not possible to be stretch. DISTANCE OF ROLL In a 45 ° inclined plane, each Polymer was allowed to roll.The following data were collected: Trials Polymer 1 8 4 46 119 58 117 84. 8 Polymer 2 26 36 40 38 43 36. 6 Polymer 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polymer 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Average Standard 29. 77 5. 78 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 Deviation Table 4. 6 Comparison of the Distance of Stretch of the Polymers 26 90 80 Distance (in cm. ) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 Polymer 4 5 Graph 4. 6 Comparison of the Distance of Stretch of the Polymers Polymer 1 traveled an average roll distance of 84. 8 cm while Polymer 2 had an average roll distance of 36. 6. Polymer 3, 4 and 5 did not roll at all.OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS Polymer 1 2 3 4 5 Characteristics White in color, rubbery, easy to mold into a ball, smooth, soft White in color, rubbery, easy to mold into a ball but it is also easily can loose its shape, smooth, soft White in color, slimy, not too easy to mole into a ball White in color, some small formation of ‘gooey’ substance can be observe White in color, watery Table 4. 7 Observable Characteristics of the Polymers 27 COST ANA LYSIS The following were the cost made in this project study. Total Amount Cost per unit Units used Expenses for the setup 30 P 11. 7 10 10 0 5 P 0. 42 0. 93 0. 00 14. 71 27. 82 5 5. 56 Material Glue Borax Corn starch Water Zip-lock baggie Cost 130 P 51. 00 P 0. 39 1000 200 360 30 42. 00 18. 50 0. 00 88. 25 0. 04 0. 09 0. 00 2. 94 Total expenses Polymer products Cost per Polymer product P Table 4. 8 Cost Analysis of the Research Project The amount of each material was divided by the cost of the material to get the cost per unit. Then the cost per unit was multiplied to the amount of units used to enable the researchers to get the expenses based on the setup of the project study.The total cost of the five (5) polymer products amounted to P27. 82. The cost of each polymer product was P 5. 56. 28 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Based on the observation, homemade bouncy polymer can be created by mixing Borax dissolved in water, glue dil uted in water and cornstarch. The characteristics of the polymer depend on the amount or ratio of the solution. The more glue solution is added the more elastic the polymer is while the more Borax solution is added the more watery it is. All the Polymers weighted the same, 40 grams.Polymer 1 has the highest volume with 90 ml. Polymer 5 has the highest density with 0. 53 g/ml. Polymer 1 has an average bounce/return height of 6. 4 cm; an average stretch distance of 43. 6 cm; and, an average roll distance of 84. 8 cm. Polymer 2 has an average bounce/return height of 5. 0 cm; an average stretch distance of 34. 8 cm; and, average roll distance of 36. 6. Polymer 3, 4 and 5 did not bounce at all; was not possible to be stretch; and, did not roll at all. The total cost of the five (5) polymer products amounted to P27. 82. The cost of each polymer product was P 5. 56.CONCLUSION Based on the results and findings of the project study, the following conclusions were obtained: 1. It is possible to make a homemade bouncy polymer using PVA glue and cornstarch with the addition of Borax dissolved in water. 29 2. Polymer 1 with the ratio of 1:5:1 (Borax solution:glue solution:cornstarch) produced the best homemade bouncy polymer. It has the highest average bounce/return, highest average stretch distance and highest average roll distance. 3. Varying ratio of the ingredients, Borax solution and glue solution, affect the physical characteristics of the homemade bouncy polymer.Using less borax will produce a goopier type of ball while adding more glue for a slimier ball. RECOMMENDATIONS Making a homemade bouncy polymer produced a positive result. With this basis, the researchers recommend the adaptation of this homemade bouncy polymer on the teaching-learning process which can be used by both teachers and students specifically in representing chemical reactions in Chemistry and demonstration of some laws in Physics. To further improve the project study, the researcher would also l ike to recommend the following: 1. Experiment with the ratio between the amounts of glue, cornstarch, and borax; 2.Experiment on the floor where the homemade bouncy polymer will bounce the highest, on a wood, on a glass or on a concrete floor; 3. Experiment if temperature will affect the characteristics of the homemade bouncy polymer; 4. Experiment if the size will affect the height of bounce/return, length of stretch and distance of roll; and, 30 5. Experiment if the homemade polymer can be used as an alternative on some rubber products. Moreover, other investigators are encouraged similar project to improve the quality and provide homemade bouncy polymer.